References
Achy, L. (2010), “Trading High Unemployment for Bad Jobs: Employment Challenges in the Maghreb”, Carnegie Papers, Carnegie Endowment for World Peace, Washington DC.
Adams, A.V. (2008), “Skills Development in the Informal Sector of Sub-Saharan Africa”, World Bank, Washington DC.
AfDB and OECD (2005), African Economic Outlook 2005: Financing SME Development in Africa, Development Centre and African Development Bank, OECD, Paris.
AfDB and OECD (2008), African Economic Outlook 2008: Developing Technical and Vocational Skills in Africa, Development Centre and African Development Bank, OECD, Paris.
AfDB (2011), “Tackling Youth Unemployment in the Maghreb”, Economic Brief, African Development Bank, Tunis.
AfDB (2012), “Youth Employment in Africa”, a background paper for the African Economic Outlook 2012, African Development Bank, Tunis.
Afrobarometer (2008), “The Quality of Democracy and Governance in Africa: New Results from Afrobarometer Round 4. A Compendium of Public Opinion Findings from 19 African Countries”, Working Paper No. 108, Afrobarometer Network.
Almeida, R. and P. Carneiro (2009), “Mandated Benefits, Employment, and Inequality in a Dual Economy”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 5119, World Bank, Washington DC.
Angel-Urdinola, D.F., A. Semlali and S. Brodmann (2010), “Non-Public Provision of Active Labor Market Programs in Arab-Mediterranean Countries: An Inventory of Youth Programs”, Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 1005, World Bank, Washington DC.
Antoine, P., M. Razafindrakoto and F. Roubaud (2001), “Contraints de Rester Jeune ? Evolution de lInsertion dans trois Capitales Africaines : Dakar, Yaoundé, Antananarivo”, Autrepart, No. 18.
Aterido, R. and M. Hallward-Driemeier (2010), “The Impact of the Investment Climate on Employment Growth: Does Sub-Saharan Africa Mirror Other Low-Income Regions?”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 5218, World Bank, Washington DC.
Attanasio, O. P., A. D. Kugler and C. Meghir (2009), “Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Randomized Trial”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 4251, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
Bakiene, A., L. Fox, E. Mehta, and O. Pimhidzai (2012), “Raising Productivity and Reducing the Risks of Non-farm Enterprises in Uganda, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management”, World Bank, Washington DC, (forthcoming).
Banerjee, A. and E. Duflo (2004), “Do Firms Want to Borrow More? Testing Credit Constraints Using a Directed Lending Program”, CEPR Discussion Papers No. 4681, Center for Economic and Policy Research, London.
Banerjee, A., S. Galiani, J. Levinsohn, Z. McLaren and I. Woolard (2008), “Why has Unemployment Risen in the New South Africa?” Economics of Transition, Vol. 16, No. 4.
Barbier, J.-P. (2006), L’Intermédiation sur le Marché du Travail dans les Pays du Maghreb : Etude Comparative entre l’Algérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie, International Labor Organization, Geneva.
Besley, T. and R. Burgess (2003), “Can Labor Regulation Hinder Economic Performance? Evidence from India”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 19, No. 1.
Betcherman, G., K. Olivas, K. and A. Dar (2004), “Impacts of Active Labour Market Programs: New Evidence from Evaluations with Particular Attention to Developing and Transition Countries”, Social Protection Discussion Papers Series No. 0402, World Bank, Washington DC.
Betcherman, G., M. Godfrey, S. Puerto, F. Rother and A. Stavreska (2007), “Global Inventory of Interventions to Support Young Workers Synthesis Report”, Working Paper No. 40601, World Bank, Washington DC.
Bhorat, H. and J. Hodge (1999), "Decomposing Shifts in Labour Demand in South Africa," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, Vol. 67, No. 3.
Bigsten, A. and M. Söderbom (2005), “What Have We Learned from a Decade of Manufacturing Enterprise Surveys in Africa?”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3798, World Bank, Washington DC.
Bigsten, A., P, Collier, S, Dercon, M, Fafchamps, B, Gauthier, J,W, Gunning, A, Oduro, R, Oostendorp, C, Pattillo, M, Söderbom, F, Teal and A, Zeufack (2003), “Constraints in Manufacturing Enterprises in Africa”, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 12, No. 1.
BMZ (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung) (2007), “Strategies for Employment Promotion in Development Cooperation”, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Berlin.
Böhme, M. and R. Thiele (2011), Is the Informal Sector Constrained from the Demand Side? Evidence from Six West African Capitals, Kiel Working Papers No. 1683, Institut für Weltwirtschaft (IfW), Kiel (forthcoming)
Brenthurst Foundation, The (2011), “Putting Young Africans to Work - Addressing Africa’s Youth Unemployment Crisis”, Discussion Paper No. 08, The Brenthurst Foundation, Johannesburg.
Business Daily (2011), “Africa: Cost of Sacking Workers Erodes Kenya's Appeal to Big Investors”, November 9th 2011.
Calmfors, L. (1994), "Active Labor Market Policy and Unemployment - A Framework for the Analysis of Crucial Design Features", OECD Economic Studies, No. 22, OECD, Paris.
Cameron, A.C. and P.K. Trivedi (2005), Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press.
CGAP (Consultative Group to Assist the Poor) (2004), “Housing Microfinance, Helping to Improve Donor Effectiveness in Microfinance”, Donor Brief No. 20, World Bank, Washington DC.
Charmes J. (2009), “Concepts, Measurement and Trends” in Jütting J.P. and de Laiglesia J. R. (eds.), Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries, OECD, Development Centre, Paris.
Charmes, J. (2012), Promoting Youth Employment in Africa: Some Reflexions on Policy Recommendations, Centre Population et Développement, (unpublished manuscript).
Collier, P., L. Elliott, H. Hegre, A. Hoeffler, M. Reynal-Querol and N. Sambanis (2003), Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy, Policy Research Report, World Bank/Oxford University Press.
Cunningham, W.V. and W.F. Maloney (2001), "Heterogeneity among Mexico's Microenterprises: An Application of Factor and Cluster Analysis," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 50, No. 1.
Dalla Valle, F. (2012), Exploring Opportunities and Constraints for Young Agro Entrepreneurs in Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome.
Dar, A. and P.Z. Tzannatos (1999), “Active Labor Market Programs: A Review of the Evidence from Evaluations”, Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 9901, World Bank, Washington DC.
De Mel, S., D. McKenzie and C. Woodruff (2008), “Returns to Capital in Microenterprises: Evidence from a Field Experiment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, Vol. 123, No. 4.
De Vreyer, P. and F. Roubaud (2012), “Urban Labour Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Agence Française de Développement, World Bank, Washington DC, (forthcoming).
Devereux, S, and B. Guenther (2009), “Agriculture and Social Protection in Ethiopia”, Future Agricultues Working Paper No. SP03.
DIAL (Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation) (2007), “Youth and Labour Markets in Africa: A Critical Review of Literature”, Document de travail No. 2007/02, DIAL, Paris.
Dias, R. and D. Posel (2007), “Unemployment, Education and Skills Constraints in Post Apartheid South Africa”, Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper No. 120, Development Policy Research Unit.
DIIS (Danish Institute for International Studies) (2008), “Youth Employment in Fragile States”, DIIS Policy Brief.
Economist, The (2012a), “Education in South Africa Still dysfunctional. Standards Still Leave a Lot to Be Desired”, Jan 21st 2012.
Economist, The (2012b), “Business in Rwanda – Africa’s Singapore?”, February 12th, 2012
Eifert, B., A. Gelb and V. Ramachandran (2005), “Business Environment and Comparative Advantage in Africa: Evidence from the Investment Climate Data”, Working Paper No. 56, Center for Global Development, Washington DC.
Elhiraika, A. and J.D. Nkurunziza (2007), “Facilitating Firm Entry, Growth and Survival with Special Attention to SMEs”, African Trade Policy Center Paper No. 46, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Addis Ababa.
European Commission (2010), “Labour Market Performance and Migration Flows in Arab Mediterranean Countries: Determinants and Effects”, National Background Papers Maghreb 2, European Economy Occasional Papers No. 60, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, Brussels.
Fafchamps, M. and M. Söderbom (2004), "Wages and Labor Management in African Manufacturing," CSAE Working Paper Series No. 2004-02, The Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Fafchamps, M., D. McKenzie, S.R. Quinn and C. Woodruff (2011), “When is Capital Enough to Get Female Microenterprises Growing? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ghana”, NBER Working Papers No. 17207, National Bureau of Economic Research, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge MA.
Falco, P., A. Kerr, N. Rankin, J. Sandefur and F. Teal (2010), “The Returns to Formality and Informality in Urban Africa”, CSAE Working Paper No. 2010-03, The Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Fares, J. and O.S. Puerto (2009), “Towards Comprehensive Training”, Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0924, World Bank, Washington DC.
Fields, G.S. (2010), “Labor Market Analysis for Developing Countries”, Labour Economics, Vol. 18, No. 1.
Fields, G.S. (1990), “Labor Market Modelling and the Urban Informal Sector: Theory and Evidence”, in D. Turnham, B. Salomé and A. Schwarz (eds.), The Informal Sector Revisited, OECD, Paris.
Financial Sector Assessment Program (2004), “Algeria: Financial Sector Assessment”, No. 0344, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington DC.
Fourie, F. C.v.N. (2011), “The South African Unemployment Debate: Three Worlds, Three Discourses?, Working Paper No. 63, Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town.
Fox, L. and A.M. Oviedo (2008), “Institutions and Labor Market Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 4721, World Bank, Washington DC.
Fox, L. and M. Sekkel (2006), “Work in Progress: Job Creation and the Quality of Growth in Africa”, World Bank, Washington DC.
Fox, L. and O. Pimhidzai (2011), “Is Informality Welfare-Enhancing Structural Transformation? Evidence from Uganda”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 5866, World Bank, Washington DC.
Freeman, R.B. (2009), “Labor Regulations, Unions, and Social Protection in Developing Countries: Market distortions or Efficient Institutions?”, NBER Working Paper No. 14789, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge MA.
Fröhlich, M. and H. Getinet (2011), “Labour Markets in Developing Countries”, Labour Economics, Vol. 18, No. 1.
Gallup World Poll (2008-2010).
Gelb, A., V. Ramachandran, M. Kedia Shah and G. Turner (2007a), “What Matters to African Firms? The Relevance of Perceptions Data”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 4446, World Bank, Washington DC.
Gelb, A., V. Ramachandran, and G. Turner (2007b), “Stimulating Growth and Productivity in Africa: From Macro to Micro Reforms”, African Development Review, Vol. 19.
Göbel K., M. Grimm and J. Lay (2011), “Capital Returns, Productivity and Accumulation in Microenterprises: Evidence from Peruvian Panel Data International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague.
Grimm, M., J. Krüger and J. Lay (2011a), “Barriers to Entry and Returns to Capital in Informal Activities: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa”, Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 57.
Grimm, M., van der Hoeven, R. and J. Lay (2011b), “Unlocking potential: Tackling economic, institutional and Social Constraints of Informal Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa: Main findings and Policy Conclusions”, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague.
Grimm M., P. Knorringa and J. Lay (2011c), “Informal Entrepreneurs in Western Africa: Constrained Gazelles in the Lower Tier”, International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague.
Guarcello, L., M. Manacorda, F. Rosati, J. Fares, S. Lyon and C. Valdivia (2007), “School-to-Work Transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview”, in M. Garcia and J. Fares (eds.), Youth in Africa’s Labor Market, Directions in Development, World Bank, Washington DC.
Gutierrez, C., C. Orecchia, P. Paci and P. Serneels (2007), “Does Employment Generation Really Matter for Poverty Reduction?”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 4432, World Bank, Washington D.C.
Haggblade, S., P.B.R Hazell, and T. Reardon (2009), “Transforming the Rural Nonfarm Economy: Opportunities and Threats in the Developing World”, Issue briefs No. 58, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington DC.
Haltiwanger J., S. Scarpetta and H. Schweiger (2008), “Assessing Job Flows Across Countries: The Role of Industry, Firm Size and Regulations”, NBER Working Papers No. 13920, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge MA.
Harrison A. and J. Scorse (2010), “Multinationals and Anti-sweatshop Activism”, American Economic Review, American Economic Association, Vol. 100, No. 1.
Heckman J.J. and C. Pagés (2000), “The Cost of Job Security Regulation: Evidence from Latin American Labor Markets”, NBER Working Papers No. 7773.
Heckman J.J. and C. Pagés (2004), Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Heintz, J. and I. Valodia (2008), “Informality in Africa: a Review”, background working paper for the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sweden.
Henry, C., F. Hill, and C. Leitch (2005) "Entrepreneurship education and training: can entrepreneurship be taught? Part I", Education + Training, Vol. 47, No. 2.
Holmes, R. and N. Jones (2011), “Public Works Programmes in Developing Countries: Reducing Gendered Disparities in Economic Opportunities?”, Paper prepared for the International Conference on Social Cohesion and Development, 20-21 January 2011, Paris, Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London.
Hull. K (2009), “Understanding the Relationship between Economic Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction”, in OECD, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment, Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD, Paris.
ILO (International Labour Organization) (2008), Global Wage Report 2008/09, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
ILO (2010), Global Employment Trends for Youth, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
ILO (2011a), “Towards Decent Work in Sub-Saharan Africa - Monitoring MDG Employment Indicators”, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
ILO (2011b), Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM), 7th Edition, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
ILO (2011c), Global Employment Report 2011, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
International Crisis Group (2011), “Liberia: How Sustainable Is the Recovery?”, Africa Report, No. 177.
Jones P. (1997), “The Impact of Minimum Wage Legislation in Developing Countries where Coverage is Incomplete”, CSAE Working Paper No. 98-02, The Centre for the Study of African Economies, Institute of Economics and Statistics, University of Oxford.
Jütting, J. and J.R. De Laiglesia (2009), “Dealing with Informal Employment: Towards a Three-Pronged Strategy” in Jütting J.P. and de Laiglesia J. R. (eds.), Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries, Development Centre, OECD, Paris.
Jütting, J. and H. Huitfeldt (2009), “Informality and Informal Employment”, in OECD, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment, Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD, Paris.
Jütting, J., J. Perlevliet and T. Xeniogiani (2008), “Informal employment re-loaded”, Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Bulletin, Vol. 39, No. 2.
Kingdon, G. and J. Knight (2000), “Are Searching and Non-Searching Unemployment Distinct States When Unemployment Is High? The case of South Africa”, CSAE Working Paper No. 2000-02, The Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Kingdon, G. and J. Knight (2004), “Unemployment in South Africa: The Nature of the Beast”, World Development, Vol. 32, No. 3.
Kingdon, G., J. Sandefur, F. Teal, M. Fafchamps, M. Soderböm (2006), “What Africa Needs to Do to Spur Growth and Create More Well-Paid Jobs”, World Bank, Washington DC.
Kluve, J. (2006), “The Effectiveness of European Active Labor Market Policy”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 2018, Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA), Bonn.
Koohi-Kamali F. (2010), “Public Works and Social Protection”, in European Report on Development 2010,European Report on Development (ERD).
Kremer, M., J.N. Lee and J.M. Robinson (2010), “The Return to Capital for Small Retailers in Kenya: Evidence from Inventories”, Mimeo, Harvard University.
Kucera, D. and T. Xenogiani (2009), “Persisting Informal Employment: What Explains it?”, in J. Jütting and J.R. de Laiglesia (eds.), Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries, Development Centre, OECD, Paris.
Kuépié M., C.J. Nordman and F. Roubaud (2009), “Education and Earnings in Urban West Africa”, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 37, No. 3.
Kuépié, M. and C.J. Nordman (2011), “Education et Marchés du Travail à Brazzaville et Pointe Noire (Congo-Brazzaville) ”, Document de travail No. 2011/11, Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation (DIAL), Paris.
Lal, R., S. Miller, M. Lieuw-Kie-Song and D. Kostzer (2010), “Public Works and Employment Programmes: Towards a Long-Term Development Approach”, Working Paper No. 66, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, United Nations Development Programme, Brasilia.
Lavallée, E. and F. Roubaud (2011), “Corruption and Informal Enterprise
Performance: West African Evidence”, Discussion Papers, International Institute of Social Studies, Développement, Institutions et Mondialisation (DIAL).
Lewis, A.W. (1954), “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour”, The Manchester School, Vol. 28, No. 2.
Malik, A. and B. Awadallah (2011), “The Economics of the Arab Spring”, CSAE Working Paper No. 23, The Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Maloney, W.F. (2004), “Informality Revisited”, World Development, Elsevier, Vol. 32, No. 7.
McKenzie, D.J. and C. Woodruff (2006), "Do Entry Costs Provide an Empirical Basis for Poverty Traps? Evidence from Mexican Microenterprises", Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 55.
McKenzie, D.J. and C. Woodruff (2008), “Experimental Evidence on Returns to Capital and Access to Finance in Mexico”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 22, No. 3.
McKinsey Global Institute (2010), “Lions on the move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies”.
MDGF (Millennium Development Goal Fund) (2009), “Engaging Tunisian Youth to Achieve the MDGs”, Millennium Development Goal Fund, Tunis.
Myrdal, G. (1968), “Asian Drama: An inquiry into the poverty of nations”, Pantheon, New York.
National Treasury (2011), “Confronting Youth Unemployment: Policy Options for South Africa”, Pretoria.
Nkurunziza, J.D. (2008), “The effect of credit on growth and convergence of firm size in Kenyan manufacturing”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Vol. 19, No. 3.
Nordman, C. J. and L. Pasquier-Doumer (2011), “Vocational Education, On-the-Job Training and Labour Market Integration of Young Workers in Urban West Africa”. Background paper for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2012: Youth, Skills and Work, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris, (forthcoming, September 2012).
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) (2006), OECD Employment Outlook, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Employment, Paris.
OECD (2009), Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Co-operation Directorate, Paris.
OECD (2010), Off to a good Start? Jobs for Youth, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Paris.
OECD (2011), Employment Outlook, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Paris
OECD (2012a), “Employment and Social Protection Policies for Social Cohesion”, Perspectives on Global Development 2012, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Centre, Paris.
OECD (2012b), Gender Initiative: Gender Equality in Education, Employment and Entrepreneurship, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Paris.
Perry, G.E., W.F. Maloney, O.S. Arias, P. Fajnzylber, A.D. Mason and J. Saavedra-Chanduvi (2007), Informality: Exit and Exclusion, World Bank, Washington DC.
Psacharopoulos, G. and H.A. Patrinos (2002), “Returns to Investment in Education: a Further Update”, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2881, World Bank, Washington DC.
Puerto, O.S. (2007), “International Experience on Youth Employment Interventions: The Youth Employment Inventory”, Background paper for Economic and Sector Work on Sierra Leone: Youth and Employment, World Bank, Washington DC.
Rakotomanana, F., E. Ramilison and F. Roubaud (2000), “La Mise en Place d’une Enquête Annuelle sur l’Emploi à Madagascar : un Exemple pour l’Afrique Sub-Saharienne”, Statéco, Vol. 95-97.
Ramachandran, V., A. Gelb and M. Kedia Shah (2009), Africa's Private Sector: What's Wrong with the Business Environment and What to Do About It, Center for Global Development, Washington DC.
Rankin, N., J. Sandefur and F. Teal (2010), “Learning & Earning in Africa: Where are the Returns to Education High?”, CSAE Working Paper No. 2010-02, The Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Razafindrakoto, M., F. Roubaud and C. Torelli (2009), “Measuring the Informal Sector and Informal Employment: the Experience Drawn from 1-2-3 Surveys in African Countries”, African Statistical Journal, Vol. 9.
Robalino D., M. Vodopivec and A. Bodor (2009), “Savings for Good and Bad Times: Introducing Unemployment Insurance to Developing Countries”, Social Protection Discussion Papers No. 0907, World Bank. Washington DC.
Rodrik, D. (2006), “Understanding South Africa’s Economic Puzzles”, Working Paper No. 130, Center for International Development, Harvard University.
Roubaud, F. (1994), “L'économie Informelle au Mexique: de la Sphère Domestique à la Dynamique Macro-économique”, Karthala, Paris.
Sabates-Wheeler, R. and S. Devereux (2010), “Cash Transfers and High Food Prices: Explaining outcomes on Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme”, Food Policy, Vol. 35, No.4.
Samson, M. (2009), “Social Cash Transfers and Employment A note on empirical linkages in developing countries”, in OECD, Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Employment, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Co-operation Directorate, Paris
Sandefur, J., P. Serneels and F. Teal (2007), “African Poverty through the Lens of Labor Economics: Earnings and Mobility in Three Countries”, in P. Paci and P. Serneels (eds.), Employment and Shared Growth, World Bank, Washington DC.
Serneels P. (2004), “The Nature of Unemployment in Urban Ethiopia”, CSAE Working Paper No. 2004-1, The Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Shiferaw, A. and A.S Bedi (2009), “The Dynamics of Job Creation and Job Destruction: Is Sub-Saharan Africa Different?”, IZA Discussion Papers No. 4623, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn.
Silatech (2009), The Silatech Index: “Voices of Young Arabs”, Silatech, in partnership with Gallup.
Skinner, C. (2008), “Street Trade in Africa: a Review”, Working Paper No. 51, School of Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
Soderböm, M., F. Teal and A. Wambugu (2005), "Unobserved heterogeneity and the relation between earnings and firm size: evidence from two developing countries", Economics Letters, Elsevier, Vol. 87, No. 2.
Stampini, M. and A. Verdier-Chouchane (2011), “Labor Market Dynamics in Tunisia: The Issue of Youth Unemployment”, Working Paper No. 123, African Development Bank, Tunis.
Teal, F (2010), “Higher Education and Economic Development in Africa: a Review of Channels and Interactions”, Journal of African Economies, Vol. 20, No. 3.
Teal, F. (2011), “The Price of Labour and Understanding the Causes of Poverty”, Labour Economics, Vol. 18, No.1.
The Youth Employment Network and The International Youth Foundation (2009), Private Sector Demand for Youth Labour in Ghana and Senegal: Ghana and Senegal Study Findings, World Bank, Washington DC.
Turnham, D. and D. Eröcal (1990), “Unemployment in Developing Countries: New Light on an Old Problem”, Working Paper No. 22, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Development Centre, Paris.
UN (United Nations) (2007), “Review of National Action Plans on Youth Employment, Putting Commitment into Action”, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York.
UNECA (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa) (2011), African Youth Report 2011: Addressing the Youth Education and Employment Nexus in the New Global Economy, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa.
UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) (2005), Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice, A Satistical Exploration, UNICEF, New York.
UNICEF (2006), The State of the World’s Children, Women and Children: The Double Dividend of Gender Equality, UNICEF, New York.
USAID (United States Agency for International Development) (2006), Fragile States Indicators, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC.
USAID (2011), Rapport National sur la Compétitivité du Sénégal, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC.
Verick, S. (2006), “The Impact of Globalization on the Informal Sector in Africa”, paper presented at the IZA/World Bank Conference Employment and Development May 25-27, 2006, Berlin.
World Bank (2007a), World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2007b), “Senegal: Looking for Work - The Road to Prosperity”, Country Economic Memorandum, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2009), Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009 - Youth Employment in Africa: The Potential, the Problem, the Promise, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2006-2011), Enterprise Surveys. http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/
World Bank (2008), “Supporting Youth at Risk”, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2010), “Active Labour Market Programs for Youth”, Employment Policy Primer No. 16, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2011a), Africa Development Indicators 2011, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2011b), World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2011c), Africa’s Pulse, Vol. 4, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank (2012a), Doing Business in a More Transparent World, World Bank, Washington DC. http://www.doingbusiness.org/
World Bank (2012b), EdStats, World Bank, Washington DC.
World Economic Forum and the OECD (2011), Arab World Competitiveness Report 2011-2012, World Economic Forum, Geneva.
World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), World Economic Forum, Geneva.
YEN (Youth Employment Network) (2009), Joining Forces with Young People - A practical Guide to Collaboration for Youth Employment, The Youth Employment Network, Geneva.
YEN-WA (Youth Employment Network for West Africa) (2008), Building the Case for Business Collaboration on Youth Employment, The Youth Employment Network for West Africa, Dakar.
Yoshino, Y. (2011), Industrial Clusters and Micro and Small Enterprises in Africa: From Survival to Growth, World Bank, Washington DC.



